[350] Tyria jacobaeae, Cinnabar

[350] Tyria jacobaea, Cinnabar

Introduction

Tyria jacobaeae, the Cinnabar Moth, is a colourful day-flying moth which comes from a colourful caterpillar that feeds on [187] Ragwort.

It can be called just a Cinnabar.

Taxonomy

Kingdom – Animals

Phylum – Arthropods

Class – Insects

Order – Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)

Suborder – Glossata

Clade – Coelolepida

Clade – Myoglossata

Clade – Neolepidoptera

Infraorder – Heteroneura

Clade – Eulepidoptera

Clade – Ditrysia

Clade – Apoditrysia (Butterflies and larger Moths)

Clade – Obtectomera

Clade – Macroheterocera

Superfamily – Noctuoidea

Family – Erebidae

Subfamily – Arctiinae

Tribe – Arctiini (Tiger Moths)

Subtribe – Callimorphina

Genus – Tyria (One species)

Scientific Name – Tyria jacobaeae

As always, taxonomy is fluid. The subfamily Arctiinae used to be treated as a family Arctiidae.

Many of the clades shown above are recent inventions attempting to clarify the taxonomy of about 200 000 species of butterflies and moths.

Name

The moths are named from a mineral cinnabar, used for thousands of years for its dark red colour. The Ancient Greek kinnabari probably comes from Arabic or Persian roots. Tyria, from the ancient city of Tyre in Lebanon, is associated with the colour Tyrian purple – a dark reddish-purple dye extracted from sea snails.

You will have worked out, after all my Latin lessons, that jacobaeae is the genitive of Jacobaea, because the caterpillars feed on Ragwort.

Description

The Cinnabar is a relatively large moth with a fixed pattern of black and dark red.

Caterpillars are boldly patterned with yellow and black stripes and feed on Ragwort, Jacobaea vulgaris.

The caterpillars absorb toxic and bitter tasting substances from their food and their bright colours act as a warning. The Cuckoo is the only species that eats them.

Habitat and use

The Cinnabar is found over Europe and across Asia to China. It is widespread in the UK.

It has been introduced to other countries with the intention of controlling Ragwort. The caterpillars feed on the leaves and flowers as they grow and if there is not enough food, they will eat each other. Very few grow to the pupal stage as they often run out of food.

See also

You will have to wait for my final blog of the year for another colourful day-flying moth species. There are many others that I have left out.

[187] Jacobaea vulgaris, Ragwort

[187] Jacobaea vulgaris, (Common) Ragwort

Jocobaea maritima, Silver Ragwort

Introduction

Jacobaea vulgaris, Ragwort, is a common wildflower sometimes considered as a weed. Its close relative Jacobaea maritima, Silver Ragwort, is a popular garden plant often used in hedges.

• Jacobaea vulgaris, still often known as Senecio jacobaea, has many common names apart from Ragwort and Common Ragwort. In the USA it may be called Tansy Ragwort or Tansy although it does not look similar to what we call [337] Tansy.
• Jacobaea maritima, often known by its old name Senecio cineraria, is also sometimes known as Dusty Miller – as are several other completely unrelated plants with silvery leaves.

Taxonomy

Kingdom – Plants

Division – Vascular Plants

Class – Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

Order – Asterales

Family – Asteraceae

Subfamily – Asteroideae

Supertribe – Senecionodae

Tribe – Senecioneae

Genus – Jacobaea

Scientific Names – Jacobaea vulgaris, Jacobaea maritima.

Both were originally classified as Senecio and are still known sometimes by synonyms.

Jacobaea vulgaris is a wild plant. Jacobaea maritima has several cultivated varieties.

Name

Ragwort is derived from the ragged shape of the leaves.

The Latin senecio means either an old man or the plant groundsel (now many species within the genus Senecio.) I can’t find a derivation for Jacobaea, (which was originally a species epithet,) but it could be named after someone called Jacob or James.

Description

Within the Aster family, the tribe Senecioneae has about 3 000 species with a wide variety of forms. They are responsible for more livestock poisonings than all other plant species.

A third of its species come under the genus Senecio, which has undergone many revisions in recent years and used to contain these two species of Jacobaea.

• Common Ragwort is a fairly small typical Aster, normally a biennial. Its flowers are bright yellow, borne in large clusters and produced through most of summer and autumn.

It is poisonous to [130] Horses and [054] Cattle but rarely to a significant degree. Horses avoid it because of its taste.

• Silver Ragwort is a much more robust plant, a bushy perennial with woody stems at its base. Its attractive leaves are feather shaped and silvery. As you will know by now the silvery effect comes from tiny grey-white hairs. (See, for example [037] Silverweed.)

Flowers are similar to Jacobaea vulgaris.

Habitat and use

• Jacobaea vulgaris is common and widespread in northern Eurasia. It has been introduced and naturalized in the USA and many other countries, where it is generally regarded as a noxious weed.

In Britain it is a typical wildflower or weed and seems to grow almost everywhere – on meadows and open grassland and also on roadside verges. It is the natural host of many moths and other insects – in particular the Cinnabar Moth, which takes its scientific name, Tyria jacobaeae, from Ragwort.

Its leaves have traditionally been used to produce a green dye and the flowers have been used for yellow, orange or brown dyes.

• Jacobaea maritima is native to the Mediterranean but widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. I see it as a common hedge plant, where it is trimmed so that the leaves are much more prominent than any flowers. Several cultivars are available.

Other Notes

In the UK, Jacobaea vulgaris is the host to at least eighty species of insect, many of which feed on it exclusively. A further hundred or more species feed on its nectar. These include some very rare species.

See also

You know about the Aster family and in the UK most of its species have yellow flowers. It is worth looking out for [350] Cinnabar Moth, which has an easily recognizable caterpillar.