[277] Primula vulgaris, Primrose

[277] Primula vulgaris, Primrose

Introduction

Primula vulgaris, the (Common) Primrose, is a common and widespread wildflower associated with meadows and agricultural grassland, a close relative of [276] Primula veris, the Cowslip.

I will also briefly consider the rest of the Primula genus today.

Primula veris is also known as English Primrose and some other species in the family Primulaceae are also called Primrose.

The word primrose can be used for a light yellow colour and the flowering plants called [241] Evening Primrose are not close relatives. Oher plants in the family Onagraceae are also called Evening Primrose.

Taxonomy

Kingdom – Plants

Division – Vascular Plants

Class – Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

Order – Ericales

Family – Primulaceae

Subfamily – Primuloidea

Genus – Primula

Scientific Name – Primula vulgaris

Cultivars are available.

Name

Primula is a diminutive of the Latin primus meaning first as the flowers appear early in spring. Primrose comes from the Latin prima rosa, first rose.

[You will have absorbed enough Latin by now to recognise that primus becomes prima to match the feminine rosa!]

Primulaceae

You can get an idea of the sort of things that are happening in the Taxonomy of plants if you look at this family. It used to be one of three families in its own order Primulales, but changes have come from molecular phylogenetics. (That’s what I usually call DNA analysis.) The order Primulales was merged into Ericales and became a new greatly enlarged family Primulaceae. The families within Primulales became subfamilies and the old Primulaceae became the subfamily Primuloideae. [This is a simplification. It has all changed at least three times this century and not everyone uses the same system.]

Description

There are about five hundred species of Primula, most of which are localized in mountainous areas of the Himalayas, eastern Asia and the Americas. They don’t all look similar to our familiar British species.

Primula vulgaris is a small evergreen perennial plant, growing from an almost flat circular arrangement of large, wrinkly leaves. Without the flowers it does look a lot like the Cowslip.

In spring it bears lots of five-petalled star shaped flowers, usually light yellow in colour with a darker yellow centre.

It is not known which insects pollinate the plants but gey are visited by Butterflies, Bees, Beetles and Flies – especially [052] Bumble Bees, [053] Bee Flies and very small beetles.

Habitat and use

The native area of Primula vulgaris is western and southern Europe. It is found near streams, under bushes and near trees, sometimes in meadows.

Many varieties of Primrose are cultivated as garden plants including other species of Primula, including Primula veris, and hybrids. Some hybrid cultivars from Primula vulgaris x Primula veris are called Polyanthus. Almost all cultivated Primula come from just four species.

Other Notes

The flowers are hermaphrodite (the most common form, with both male and female parts.) Most, but not all plants, are Heterostylous, having two slightly different forms. Individual plants bear either pin flowers (longuistylous) with the capita of the style prominent, or thrum flowers (brevistylous) with the stamens prominent. Fertilisation can only take place between pin and thrum flowers. Pin-to-pin and thrum-to-thrum pollination is ineffective.

These are the best pictures I can find of pin (three pictures) and thrum types.

This looked familiar when I saw it but I had to look through Wikipedia to find the plant I wrote about that is also heterostylous. It was [216] Purple Loosesestrife, which is tristylous, with three forms of flowers.

See also

You have seen Cowslip already, unless you decided to read this one first.

[241] Oenothera biennis, Evening Primrose

[241] Oenothera biennis, Evening Primrose

Introduction

Oenothera biennis, (Common) Evening Primrose (or Evening-primrose), is a biennial plant with impressive yellow flowers, native to North America and widely naturalized elsewhere often as an invasive plant.

Its common names include Weedy Evening Primrose, Evening Star, Sundrop and German Rampion.

It won’t surprise you that 150 species of Oenothera are also generally called Evening Primrose and, of course, these are not related to [277] Primrose.

Taxonomy

Kingdom – Plants

Division – Vascular Plants

Class – Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

Order – Myrtales

Family – Onagraceae

Subfamily – Onagroideae

Tribe – Onogreae

Genus – Oenothera

Section – Oenothera

Subsection – Oenothera

Scientific Name – Oenothera biennis

Other similar species are cultivated.

Name

Many species of Oenothera have flowers that open in the evening and begin to die the next morning. Most species have flowers with a yellow colour that is reminiscent of primroses. (The word ‘primrose’ may be used for a pale yellow colour.)

Oenothera is Latin for a soporific plant from the Ancient Greek oinos meaning wine.

(Oenothera used to be called Oenagra. Hence the forms of the names of higher level taxa.)

Description

Oenothera biennis is a biennial plant. It produces flowers around the base and at the top of a tall stem.

The elongated buds produce long semi-open, pale yellow flowers. They open fully in the evening.

Habitat and use

Oenothera biennis is native to parts of North America where indigenous people used it as food and as a medicinal crop.

It was introduced to Europe in the early Seventeenth Century and is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. In many places has escaped and become naturalized, even invasive. It is found now in meadows and open grassland as a weed.

Cultivated varieties include other Oenethera species and flowers may have other colours such as white.

It is cultivated as a crop to produce evening Primrose oil from the seeds.

Other Notes

Although it’s a biennial it can grow as an annual plant. I see it in open grassland that is cut down every year.

See also

Evening Primrose comes from a large family that also includes [127] Willowherb, and [153] Fuchsia.